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  • The New Science Encyclopedia : Chemistry • Physics • Biology
    The New Science Encyclopedia : Chemistry • Physics • Biology


    Price: 18.99 £ | Shipping*: 3.99 £
  • Discover Biology, Chemistry & Physics
    Discover Biology, Chemistry & Physics


    Price: 10.00 £ | Shipping*: 3.99 £
  • Validity Argument in Language Testing : Case Studies of Validation Research
    Validity Argument in Language Testing : Case Studies of Validation Research

    Language tests play pivotal roles in education, research on learning, and gate-keeping decisions.The central concern for language testing professionals is how to investigate whether or not tests are appropriate for their intended purposes.This book introduces an argument-based validity framework to help with the design of research that investigates the validity of language test interpretation and use.The book presents the principal concepts and technical terms, then shows how they can be implemented successfully in practice through a variety of validation studies.It also demonstrates how argument-based validity intersects with technology in language testing research and highlights the use of validity argument for identifying research questions and interpreting the results of validation research.Use of the framework helps researchers in language testing to communicate clearly and consistently about technical issues with each other and with researchers of other types of tests.

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  • Plasma Science and Technology : Lectures in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Engineering
    Plasma Science and Technology : Lectures in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Engineering

    Plasma Science and Technology An accessible introduction to the fundamentals of plasma science and its applications In Plasma Science and Technology: Lectures in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Engineering, distinguished researcher Dr. Alexander Fridman delivers a comprehensive introduction to plasma technology, including fulsome descriptions of the fundamentals of plasmas and discharges.The author discusses a wide variety of practical applications of the technology to medicine, energy, catalysis, coatings, and more, emphasizing engineering and science fundamentals.Offering readers illuminating problems and concept questions to support understanding and self-study, the book also details organic and inorganic applications of plasma technologies, demonstrating its use in nature, in the lab, and in both novel and well-known applications.Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the kinetics of excited atoms and molecules Comprehensive explorations of non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure cold discharges Practical discussions of plasma processing in microelectronics and other micro-technologies Expert treatments of plasma in environmental control technologies, including the cleaning of air, exhaust gases, water, and soil Perfect for students of chemical engineering, physics, and chemistry, Plasma Science and Technology will also benefit professionals working in these fields who seek a contemporary refresher in the fundamentals of plasma science and its applications.

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  • What is the best natural science: Math, Physics, Biology, Chemistry, or Computer Science?

    It is subjective to determine the "best" natural science as each field has its own unique contributions to our understanding of the natural world. Math provides the foundation for understanding and solving problems in all the other sciences. Physics explores the fundamental laws of nature and the behavior of matter and energy. Biology studies living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Chemistry focuses on the composition, structure, and properties of matter. Computer Science deals with the theory and practice of computation and information. Each of these sciences is valuable in its own right and contributes to our understanding of the world around us.

  • Which subject should be removed: Chemistry, Biology, Physics, or Computer Science?

    It is not advisable to remove any of these subjects as they all play a crucial role in providing a well-rounded education. Each subject offers unique perspectives and skills that are valuable for students' academic and professional development. Instead of removing a subject, it would be more beneficial to ensure that all students have access to a diverse range of subjects and resources to support their learning in each area.

  • Physics or Chemistry or Biology?

    It ultimately depends on personal interests and career goals. Physics deals with the study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of the universe. Chemistry focuses on the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter. Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment. Each field offers unique perspectives and opportunities for exploration and discovery.

  • Is validity a continuous variable?

    No, validity is not a continuous variable. Validity refers to the extent to which a test or assessment measures what it is intended to measure. It is typically assessed as either present or absent, rather than existing on a continuous scale. Validity is crucial in ensuring that the results of a test are meaningful and accurate.

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  • External Validity and Evidence Accumulation
    External Validity and Evidence Accumulation

    The accumulation of empirical evidence that has been collected in multiple contexts, places, and times requires a more comprehensive understanding of empirical research than is typically required for interpreting the findings from individual studies.We advance a novel conceptual framework where causal mechanisms are central to characterizing social phenomena that transcend context, place, or time.We distinguish various concepts of external validity, all of which characterize the relationship between the effects produced by mechanisms in different settings.Approaches to evidence accumulation require careful consideration of cross-study features, including theoretical considerations that link constituent studies and measurement considerations about how phenomena are quantifed.Our main theoretical contribution is developing uniting principles that constitute the qualitative and quantitative assumptions that form the basis for a quantitative relationship between constituent studies.We then apply our framework to three approaches to studying general social phenomena: meta-analysis, replication, and extrapolation.

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  • External Validity and Evidence Accumulation
    External Validity and Evidence Accumulation

    The accumulation of empirical evidence that has been collected in multiple contexts, places, and times requires a more comprehensive understanding of empirical research than is typically required for interpreting the findings from individual studies.We advance a novel conceptual framework where causal mechanisms are central to characterizing social phenomena that transcend context, place, or time.We distinguish various concepts of external validity, all of which characterize the relationship between the effects produced by mechanisms in different settings.Approaches to evidence accumulation require careful consideration of cross-study features, including theoretical considerations that link constituent studies and measurement considerations about how phenomena are quantifed.Our main theoretical contribution is developing uniting principles that constitute the qualitative and quantitative assumptions that form the basis for a quantitative relationship between constituent studies.We then apply our framework to three approaches to studying general social phenomena: meta-analysis, replication, and extrapolation.

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  • Property Notices : Validity and Service
    Property Notices : Validity and Service

    Why should you buy Property Notices: Validity and Service third editionThe widely acclaimed Property Notices: Validity and Service provides the definitive account of the law relating to property notices.It contains a clear and practical guide to the legal principles governing whether a property notice is valid and whether it has been properly served.The importance of those principles for property lawyers cannot be over-stated: in the field of property law, rights are frequently exercised by the service of a notice and, for the party that has attempted to serve a notice (and perhaps its lawyers), the consequences of a finding that a notice is invalid may be disastrous. Property Notices: Validity and Service is the only work dedicated to this core area of practice and it is essential reading for all property lawyers.

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  • Applying Benford's Law for Assessing the Validity of Social Science Data
    Applying Benford's Law for Assessing the Validity of Social Science Data

    Benford's Law is a probability distribution for the likelihood of the leading digit in a set of numbers.This book seeks to improve and systematize the use of Benford's Law in the social sciences to assess the validity of self-reported data.The authors first introduce a new measure of conformity to the Benford distribution that is created using permutation statistical methods and employs the concept of statistical agreement.In a switch from a typical Benford application, this book moves away from using Benford's Law to test whether the data conform to the Benford distribution, to using it to draw conclusions about the validity of the data.The concept of 'Benford validity' is developed, which indicates whether a dataset is valid based on comparisons with the Benford distribution and, in relation to this, diagnostic procedure that assesses the impact of not having Benford validity on data analysis is devised.

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  • What is the validity coefficient?

    The validity coefficient is a statistical measure that quantifies the relationship between a predictor (such as a test or assessment) and a criterion (such as job performance or academic achievement). It indicates the degree to which the predictor is able to accurately predict the criterion. A higher validity coefficient suggests a stronger relationship between the predictor and the criterion, indicating that the predictor is more effective in predicting the criterion. Validity coefficients are commonly used in the field of psychometrics and are important for evaluating the effectiveness of selection tools and assessments.

  • What is the question without validity?

    A question without validity is one that lacks credibility, evidence, or logical reasoning to support its premise. It may be based on false assumptions, biased information, or flawed arguments. Without validity, the question cannot be relied upon to provide accurate or meaningful insights.

  • What is the validity of stamps?

    The validity of stamps varies depending on the type of stamp and the postal regulations of the country. In general, most stamps do not expire and can be used indefinitely as long as they have not been used before. However, some countries may have specific regulations regarding the use of older stamps or may issue new designs that are required for certain types of mail. It is always best to check with the postal service or consult their website for the most up-to-date information on the validity of stamps.

  • Which subjects are Chemistry, Physics, or Biology?

    Chemistry, Physics, and Biology are all subjects within the field of science. Chemistry focuses on the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter. Physics deals with the study of matter, energy, motion, and force. Biology is the study of living organisms, their structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution.

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